General tips include these:
Research. Read and obtain background
information about the subject, source or topic at hand before interviewing so
that you can ask informed questions.
Ask simple questions. Keep your
questions short, to the point and focused. Otherwise you risk distracting or
confusing your subject, or allowing him or her to answer only part of a complex
question. Break down complicated questions into shorter, simpler
questions.
Limit closed-ended questions; use mostly open-ended questions.
Closed-ended questions are yes-or-no questions or those that invite very basic,
one-word answers. Open-ended questions often begin with “Why?” and “How?” or
phrases such as “Tell me about … ” or “How does that make you feel?” They invite
longer, more insightful responses.
Ask follow-up questions. An
inexperienced interviewer asks a question, notes the response then moves on to
the next question. Don’t stick to the script — listen to the answers and probe
further before moving on to your prepared questions. Often it is during a
follow-up question that the right quote falls into your lap. “Following up” can
also involve a non-question, like a sympathetic response or a gesture of
surprise or admiration.
Take notes. While having an audio recorder is
helpful, always keep a notebook handy and use it to jot down quotes, statistics
or facts that strike you. You might also want to write down physical details
about your environment and your subject’s appearance, facial expressions and
voice. But be sure to look up from your notebook and maintain eye
contact.
Be conversational without having a conversation. Keep the
interview informal and casual, not overly scripted, and go with the flow,
allowing your subject to switch directions –- as long as you remain in control
of the interview and are prepared to steer it back to your topic as needed.
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